{"id":"court_ctb_1409_2","court":"CTB","case_no":"22-50073","doc_number":1409,"sub_number":2,"doc_type":"EXHIBIT","filed_date":null,"title":"Exhibit 2 No organization or individual shall have any privilege beyond the Constitution or the law.","summary_zh":null,"summary_en":null,"body_en":"# Exhibit 2\n\nNo organization or individual shall have any privilege beyond the Constitution or the law.\n\n# **Article 6**\n\nThe foundation of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership has eradicated the system of exploitation of man by man, and practices the principle of \"from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.\"\n\nIn the primary stage of socialism, the state shall uphold a fundamental economic system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, and shall uphold an income distribution system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay, while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it.\n\n#### **Article 7**\n\nThe state sector of the economy, that is, the sector of the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, shall be the leading force in the economy. The state shall ensure the consolidation and development of the state sector of the economy.\n\n# **Article 8**\n\nRural collective economic organizations shall practice a two-tiered system of both unified and separate operations with household contract management as its basis. Rural economic cooperatives — producer, supply and marketing, credit and consumer cooperatives — are part of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. Working people who belong to rural collective economic organizations shall have the right, within the scope prescribed by law, to farm cropland and hillsides allotted to them for their private use, engage in household sideline production, and raise privately owned livestock.\n\n#### **Article 18**\n\nThe People's Republic of China shall permit foreign enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals, to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises or other economic organizations in accordance with the provisions of law of the People's Republic of China.\n\nAll foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and Chinese-foreign joint ventures in the territory of China shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests shall be protected by the law of the People's Republic of China.\n\n#### **Article 19**\n\nThe state shall develop socialist education to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.\n\nThe state shall run schools of all types, provide universal compulsory primary education, develop secondary, vocational and higher education, and also develop preschool education.\n\nThe state shall develop different types of educational facilities, eliminate illiteracy, provide political, cultural, scientific, technical and field-specific education for workers, peasants, state employees and other working people, and encourage people to become accomplished individuals through self-study.\n\nThe state shall encourage collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and other social actors to run education programs of various types in accordance with the provisions of law.\n\nThe state shall promote the common speech — *putonghua* — used nationwide.\n\n#### **Article 20**\n\nThe state shall develop the natural and social sciences, disseminate scientific and technological knowledge, and commend and award research achievements and technological discoveries and inventions.\n\n# **Article 81**\n\nThe president of the People's Republic of China engages in affairs of state and receives foreign diplomatic envoys on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, pursuant to decisions of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries.\n\n# **Article 82**\n\nThe vice president of the People's Republic of China shall assist the president in his or her work.\n\nThe vice president of the People's Republic of China may, when so entrusted by the president, exercise part of the functions and powers of the president on his or her behalf.\n\n#### **Article 83**\n\nThe president and the vice president of the People's Republic of China shall exercise their functions and powers until the president and the vice president elected by the next National People's Congress assume office.\n\n#### **Article 84**\n\nIn the event that the office of president of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant the vice president shall succeed to the office of president.\n\nIn the event that the office of vice president of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant the National People's Congress shall elect a new vice president to fill the vacancy.\n\nIn the event that the offices of both president and vice president of the People's Republic of China become vacant the National People's Congress shall elect a new president and a new vice president; prior to their election, the chairperson of the National People's Congress Standing Committee shall temporarily act as the president.","body_zh":"证据 2\n\n任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。\n\n第六条\n\n中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度，实行各尽所能、按劳分配的原则。\n\n国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。\n\n第七条\n\n国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。\n\n第八条\n\n农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济，是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者，有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、从事家庭副业和饲养自留畜。\n\n第十八条\n\n中华人民共和国允许外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资，同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。\n\n在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业，都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。\n\n第十九条\n\n国家发展社会主义的教育事业，提高全国人民的科学文化水平。\n\n国家举办各种学校，普及初等义务教育，发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育，并且发展学前教育。\n\n国家发展各种教育设施，扫除文盲，对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育，鼓励自学成才。\n\n国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。\n\n国家推广全国通用的普通话。\n\n第二十条\n\n国家发展自然科学和社会科学事业，普及科学和技术知识，奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。\n\n第八十一条\n\n中华人民共和国主席代表中华人民共和国，进行国事活动，接受外国使节；根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，派遣和召回驻外全权代表，批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协定。\n\n第八十二条\n\n中华人民共和国副主席协助主席工作。\n\n中华人民共和国副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分职权。\n\n第八十三条\n\n中华人民共和国主席、副主席行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出的主席、副主席就职为止。\n\n第八十四条\n\n中华人民共和国主席缺位的时候，由副主席继任主席的职位。\n\n中华人民共和国副主席缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选。\n\n中华人民共和国主席、副主席都缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选；在补选以前，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长暂时代理主席职位。","key_entities":[],"ecf_references":[],"word_count":783,"status":"published","published_at":null,"created_at":null,"updated_at":"2026-08-23 12:33:23"}