{"id":"q21af16d4e73f349ba148","batch_id":"batch-000132","seq":639,"speaker":"0x_***","date":"2026-07-07T04:26:06.010Z","text":"刑事被告人有权对其不利的证据进行当面对抗质问，这一权利是由《美国宪法第六修正案》（the Sixth Amendment）规定的。\n具体而言，该修正案中包含的“对质条款”（Confrontation Clause）明确规定：“在所有刑事起诉中，被告应享有……与对其不利的证人对质的权利。”\n这项权利的核心目的在于防止仅凭书面证据（如书面证词或单方宣誓书）对被告定罪，确保被告能够亲自面对指控者，并在法庭上通过交叉询问（cross-examine）来检验证人的诚实度与证言的真实性。","text_en":null,"edited":false,"reply_to":null,"reply_status":"none","has_attachment":false,"url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q21af16d4e73f349ba148","reply_url":null,"reply_label":"","batch_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/batches/batch-000132/pages/4","batch_canonical_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/batches/batch-000132/pages/4","notice":"围绕郭文贵案的社区讨论与观点交锋。发言仅代表讨论者观点，不等同于法院认定。","content_type":"discussion_message","canonical_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q21af16d4e73f349ba148","markdown_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q21af16d4e73f349ba148/markdown","json_url":"https://mubeitech.com/api/discussion-messages/q21af16d4e73f349ba148","surrounding_messages":[{"id":"qc2ec1adb553d2f5e0032","speaker":"kir***","date":"2026-07-07T04:11:59.485Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/qc2ec1adb553d2f5e0032"},{"id":"qd8da990303bd8259e73b","speaker":"kir***","date":"2026-07-07T04:12:13.576Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/qd8da990303bd8259e73b"},{"id":"q73db3b95fb42dcf3eaa7","speaker":"beg***","date":"2026-07-07T04:14:15.834Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q73db3b95fb42dcf3eaa7"},{"id":"q7f6a08cc45399205fb81","speaker":"0x_***","date":"2026-07-07T04:26:42.886Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q7f6a08cc45399205fb81"},{"id":"q4ac09446cec0d3a280cc","speaker":"0x_***","date":"2026-07-07T04:27:06.187Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q4ac09446cec0d3a280cc"},{"id":"q4d7f378116677f786d23","speaker":"joh***","date":"2026-07-07T04:28:57.921Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q4d7f378116677f786d23"}],"parent_message":null}