{"id":"q400e897a1d62ff9eb50a","batch_id":"batch-000030","seq":86,"speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:19:07.932Z","text":"•    他们在犯罪发生后以有偿的善意购买者的身份获得了该权益，这意味着在购买时，他们没有合理的理由相信该财产将被没收。\n21 美国法典第 853(n)(6)(B) 条。\n在“美国诉雷克迈耶案”中，法院裁定，必须将“善意有偿购买者”一词……广义地解释为包括在公平交易中向被告支付价值并期望获得等值回报的所有人。”同上，第208页。\n如果第三方满足举证责任，法院将修改初步没收命令（POF）。\n一旦第三方听证会结束，或第三方索赔期限已过，将发布最终命令，明确政府对被没收财产的所有权。当法院对替代资产发布初步没收令（POF）时，问题会变得更加复杂。\n________________________________________\n第三方请求对替代资产进行初步没收令\n第853(n)(6)(A)条如何适用于替代资产？《联邦刑事诉讼法》第32.2(e)条规定了修改没收令以纳入替代资产的程序。如果政府证明替代资产法规（即美国法典第21卷第853(p)条）的要求已得到满足，法院将修改没收令以纳入替代资产，但须在附属程序中解决第三方权利问题。因此，即使被告的财产以第三方名义持有，该财产也应作为替代资产被没收，但第三方有权在附属程序中对替代资产的没收提出异议。\n第853(p)条规定，法院必须认定替代资产属于被告，才能修改没收令，将该财产纳入替代资产。由于政府不能没收第三方拥有的财产，因此在附带程序中需要解决的问题围绕所有权展开。\n将第 853(n) 条解释为禁止第三方质疑替代资产的可没收性是否违反了美国宪法第五修正案赋予第三方的正当程序权利？\n在“美国诉道格达斯案”（United States v. Daugerdas , 892 F.3d 545 (2d Cir. 2018)）中，法院处理了第三方就被告没收“替代财产”提出的正当程序质疑，该案涉及一系列独特的法定条款。参见21 USC § 853(p)。在道格达斯案中，法院认为，对替代财产（未受污染资产）的正当程序担忧源于“§ 853 程序结构的缺陷”。同上， 892 F.3d，550，554。\n________________________________________","edited":false,"reply_to":null,"reply_status":"none","has_attachment":false,"url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q400e897a1d62ff9eb50a","reply_url":null,"reply_label":"","batch_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/batches/batch-000030","batch_canonical_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/batches/batch-000030","notice":"围绕郭文贵案的社区讨论与观点交锋。发言仅代表讨论者观点，不等同于法院认定。","content_type":"discussion_message","canonical_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q400e897a1d62ff9eb50a","markdown_url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q400e897a1d62ff9eb50a/markdown","json_url":"https://mubeitech.com/api/discussion-messages/q400e897a1d62ff9eb50a","surrounding_messages":[{"id":"q2380aa9d655f22870905","speaker":"xin***","date":"2025-08-28T12:11:06.170Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q2380aa9d655f22870905"},{"id":"q3ee9f02ba7d758ed22f5","speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:18:28.237Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q3ee9f02ba7d758ed22f5"},{"id":"q39ec5a154d2e183c8a9b","speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:18:46.262Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q39ec5a154d2e183c8a9b"},{"id":"qeeeb7ad32d352e619249","speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:19:34.729Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/qeeeb7ad32d352e619249"},{"id":"q3ba54aad2614e9a4c4d6","speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:20:16.834Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q3ba54aad2614e9a4c4d6"},{"id":"q4f5db0830ec67f88ab9d","speaker":"him***","date":"2025-08-28T12:22:02.434Z","url":"https://mubeitech.com/discussions/messages/q4f5db0830ec67f88ab9d"}],"parent_message":null}